Tuftsin diacetate, a tetrapeptide, is a macrophage/microglial activator. Tuftsin is a tetrapeptide, Thr-Lys-Pro-Arg, which resides in the Fc-domain of the heavy chain of immunoglobulin G. Tuftsin possesses a broad spectrum of activities related primarily to the immune system function and exerts on phagocytic cells, notably on macrophages.

(S)-3-Hydroxybutyric acid is a normal human metabolite that has been found elevated in geriatric patients remitting from depression.

L-Arabinitol is a potential biomarker for the comsuption of the food products such as sweet potato deerberry moth bean and is also associated with Alzheimer's disease and ribose-5-phosphate isomerase deficiency.